Field Study Research Articles

In help-seekers' shoes: First-person pronouns entitled charitable fundraising campaigns and individual donating behavior in China

Both first-person and third-person pronouns are widely used in charitable fundraising campaigns, but which type of pronouns is more effective in soliciting donations is still to be explored. In this study, we conduct a field study and five experiment studies to examine the effect of personal pronouns (first-person vs. third-person) entitled charitable fundraising campaigns on viewers' donations and its underlying mechanisms. We find robust results to show that, compared to third-person pronouns, adopting first-person pronouns (both singular and plural) in the title of charitable fundraising campaigns significantly increases viewers' donating willingness and behavior. Viewers' perceived self-other overlap acts as an important mediating mechanism: using first-person pronouns in the title of charitable fundraising campaigns first increases viewers' sense of self-other overlap, which in turn promotes their donating behavior. In addition, viewers' thinking style seems to bend the relationships between the use of first-person pronouns and both perceived self-other overlap and donating behavior in such way that individuals with emotional-thinking style (vs. rational-thinking style) experience stronger self-other overlap and demonstrate higher level of donating willingness when a charitable campaign is named in first-person pronouns other than in third-person pronouns. These findings contribute to the literature on charity marketing, personal pronouns and metaphor representation, and have substantial practical implications.

Corporate social responsibility in hospitality and tourism: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Scholars have increasingly focused on the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the hospitality and tourism (H&T) industry due to its rapid growth and expansion. This study examined 192 CSR-focused empirical studies that were published in H&T journals. The report provides a comprehensive analysis by categorizing the data into several parts, such as publishing trends of CSR, segmentation by journals, theoretical frameworks, techniques, and CSR measurement scales. This study also develops a complex nomological network of CSR, examining its connections with the precursor factors, mediating variables, moderating impacts, and outcome effects. Key themes were identified using advanced thematic analysis techniques, providing crucial insights into the current status and future directions of CSR using Leximancer software. The results provide significant information for sustainable practices and influence prospective studies in the crucial field of corporate responsibility.

Two days before Friday versus 2 days from today: How future (vs. present) anchors in deadlines increase goal achievement

AbstractWhile deadlines are routinely used as a strategy to achieve goals, the way these deadlines are described has been relatively overlooked in terms of their influence on decision‐making. We examined the unique effect of future (vs. present) anchors in deadlines on ones' goal achievement. A field study shows that a deadline with a future anchor encourages people to complete a task more effectively within the deadline than a deadline with a present anchor (Study 1). In Study 2, we further demonstrated the positive effect of future (vs. present) anchors on individuals' goal achievement in a more controlled lab setting. Study 3 provided support for our mechanism by examining individuals' perceived time availability until the deadline underlies this effect. Studies 4 and 5 delved deeper, investigating our mechanism by examining individuals' dispositional time value as an important moderator. This research enriches our understanding of time perception and decision‐making, and offers valuable insights on how to strategically deal with deadlines to enhance one's goal achievement.

Food ethnobotany of forest resource in the high-altitude Himalaya Mountains: Enhancing the food sovereignty of ethnic groups

The vital knowledge of traditional foraging techniques used in indigenous peoples' cuisines may be preserved through gastronomical field studies before it is lost forever. Certain plants are appreciated for their gastronomic, social, economic and ecological importance in the High Himalaya because they play such a significant role in the daily life of the local indigenous populations. To determine the plant cultural indicators for each ethnic group, the data were analyzed using an indicator species analysis. Semi-structured interviews of 167 participants, focus group discussion, and field observations were used to gather information from February 2019 to August 2022 for a comprehensive and systematic gastronomical survey. Across four ethnic groups, a total of (N = 99) wild edible plant species and (N = 9) fungi species from 38 families were documented. Tender leaves were the most commonly used, while tubers were the least commonly used. The majority of the species reported were used as vegetables, followed by species used as fruits and herbal tea. For the first time, we examined cross-cultural similarity and dissimilarity for gastronomic usage: vegetables and savoring plants,fruits, and herbal tea across the cultures studied from the perspective of food ethnobotany. We discovered a clear difference in how different cultures used forest resources, with Gujjar and Pahari showing the most species similarity. This is because these ethic groups are culturally linked with one another and share a common social structure, geography, and language. We calculated plant cultural markers for each species, and 19 of them had significant p-values among the four ethnic groups. The findings revealed a positive relationship between the Gujjar and Pahari ethnic groups and the gastronomical indicator values, while the Kashmiri ethnic group had a negative relationship. The Kashmiri ethnic group experienced the loss of traditional knowledge because of the economic transition that caused people to prefer purchasing vegetables from the market rather than foraging for them in the wild. Traditional knowledge was also dwindling between the Gujjar and Pahari ethnic groups because of social changes brought on by developmental activities that changed their way of life. The identified plant cultural markers were significant to local residents and frequently had adaptations to extremely harsh climatic and environmental conditions. Our finding that 47% of species had market value suggests that these species have a sizable market demand and a promising economic value. They have the potential to boost food security, local community sovereignty, and people's living standards. Food production systems may become more resilient and sustainable by incorporating these indicator species into conventional agriculture. The current study raises awareness about forest resources and enables ethnic groups to live in a natural environment without food scarcity.

The impact of herbicide-resistant canola systems on the weed community dynamics in the Canadian Prairies

Increased adoption of no-till and extensive cultivation of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops in low diversity rotations are some of the transformations that occurred during the 1970s-2000s in western Canada. How these transformations in canola-based crop rotations impacted weed communities are not comprehensively studied. Historical data analysis of weed survey data ( Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta) in canola crops and a canola rotation field experiment were used to understand how tillage, herbicide-resistant cropping systems, and frequency of canola in the rotation can impact weed abundance, composition, and diversity in the Canadian prairies. Weed survey data revealed that the frequency of many weed species declined in years after 1995 compared with before 1995, the year HR cultivars were introduced. Gallium spurium (false cleavers) and volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the only species showing a continuous increase in frequency throughout the surveyed years. Species richness showed no trajectories but varied depending on climatic conditions. Glyphosate-resistant (G.R.) systems were associated with green foxtail irrespective of their frequency in the rotation. Wild oat was predominant in the longer rotations with glufosinate and imidazolinone-resistant canola. In the field study, weeds associated with pre-herbicide weed control timing were relatively controlled when herbicides were applied (glyphosate and glufosinate), except for foxtail barley (Hordium Jubatum L), which was not controlled in most HR systems. Overall, both weed survey data and field experiment data revealed greater control of most weed species due to growing of HR canola cultivars.

The Progress/Status of Ecological Assessment on the Intensive Land Use in Selenge and Darkhan-Uul Province, Mongolia

Abstract. The study area, it includes Darkhan-Uul and Selenge provinces of Mongolia, is included in the most favourable natural-geographical areas, and the migration of people with livestock from the peripheral areas has led to an increase in the population, as well as a sharp increase in the number of grazing animals, resulting in the effects of natural and human activities. give an evaluation, develop the basis for the proper use of the land in the future. In Mongolia, the methods and principles of land evaluation differ depending on the general classification and purpose of land, so considering these characteristics, land evaluation is carried out by (1) the Department of Agriculture, (2) the Department of Urban Development, Industry and Mines, (3) the Department of Roads and Networks, (4) it is divided into types of land with forest reserves (Tserenbaljir, B. Naranchimeg, 2004). In the "instructions for land evaluation" issued by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1976, in the assessment of land quality, in addition to the main indicators of soil fertility and moisture, climate, land cover and use, chemical pollutions such as an alkaline acidity. In the ecological assessment study, data on land use, soil, vegetation, climate, natural conditions, resources, socio-economic, satellite and field studies were collected in numerical and tabular form. The Ecological assessment in intensive land use is divided into qualitative and quantitative assessment. The Qualitative assessment predicts ecological properties. The Quantitative methods use multi-species numerical methods to record ecological elements and calculate the overall percentage of ecological characteristics.

Results of a monocentric field study: value of histology compared to sonication method and conventional tissue culture in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).

To confirm the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the International Consensus Meeting (ICM) have defined criteria that include histology as a minor criterion and the sonication method only as an additional criterion. The aim of this monocentric, retrospective study was to investigate the value of histology and whether sonication leads to a more accurate diagnosis. All revision surgeries for knee and hip arthroplasty between 2017 and 2020 were included. With regard to microbiological diagnostic, conventional culture of periprosthetic biopsies and sonication of explant material were performed. In addition, histology and non-specific inflammatory markers (CRP, leukocytes) were recorded. A total of 78 patients with PJI and 62 aseptic controls were included. From both microbiological methods (conventional culture / sonication), Staphyloccus (S.) epidermidis and S. aureus were detected most frequently. However, compared to the conventional microbiology, a higher sensitivity was calculated for sonication, albeit with a lower specificity in relation to a PJI. In two logistic regression models for the significance of all diagnostic parameters in PJI, the AUC was 0.92 and 0.96 with histology in particular making the decisive contribution in both models (p < 0. 001, both models). Since histology showed the highest accuracy in the current study, its importance in the PJI criteria should be reevaluated. Sonication shows a high sensitivity for germ detection with a lower specificity and should only be used in combination with the conventional culture for microbiolgical diagnostics.

Effects of Mebyakaonan Marriage Law in the Perspective of Balinese Customary Law: Study on Balinese Community, Rantau Jaya Village, Ilir District, Putra Rumbia, Central Lampung Regency

Marriage is the outward and inner bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife to continue their lineage. Marriage in Balinese customs is called pawiwahan. Pawiwahan is a sacred thing in the process of human life from the status of brahmacari to the time of grhasta. Mebyakaon marriage is marriage under the hand. The problem in this study is why mebyakaon marriage is taken by the parties to form a marriage and the legal consequences of mebyakaon marriage on their marital status in the community and the status of children born from this marriage in Rantau Jaya Ilir Village, Putra Rumbia District, Central Lampung Regency. This research is normative-empirical legal research with a descriptive research type. The problem approach used sociological juridical approach with data sources is primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques with literature studies and field studies are interviews with informants and respondents who carry out marriage mebyakaon. Data analysis is qualitative analysis. The results of research and discussion show that the reason for the marriage is caused by several factors, namely economic factors, educational factors, mutual demen, parental desire factors, and the factor of men who are still legally married to other women. The marital status of mebyakaon is not the same as traditional Balinese marriage in general, what distinguishes it from mebyakaon marriage is that it lies in a traditional procession that has not been carried out completely. Based on the decisions and decrees of Parisadha Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI), the validity of marriage is determined on condition that Tri Upasaksi. The legal position of mebyakaon marriage does not have a strong binding force so that this marriage may not have the same legal status as traditional Balinese married couples in general. Similarly, the legal consequences of marriage will be different. Couples who perform mebyakaon marriage may not enter the temple and participate in the massacre in the village because mebyakaon marriage is valid according to the parties only but, according to Balinese customary law this marriage is invalid and children born from mebyakaon marriage are extramarital children (anak astra) and marital property in mebyakaon marriage There is no legal certainty and there is no mixing of property between husband and wife.

Corn 15N uptake and partitioning in response to fertilizer application rate and timing

AbstractNitrogen (N) fertilizer applications near the time of planting are important for upper US Midwest corn (Zea mays L.) production, but wet springs may result in significant N losses. Split applications may circumvent this problem and improve fertilizer uptake and use efficiency, but the relative contribution of N from the soil and fertilizer is poorly understood. A field study with six sites in Minnesota received 15N‐labeled urea fertilizer in the first year and unlabeled urea in the second year to determine the effect of N rate and application timing on corn uptake and accumulation patterns of fertilizer‐derived N (FDN) and soil‐derived N (SDN) over two consecutive growing seasons. Corn responded positively to fertilization. The percentage of total N uptake as FDN was greatest closest to the time of application but decreased over time as SDN became the dominant N source. A split application (45 kg N ha−1 at planting, 90 kg N ha−1 at V4) significantly improved FDN uptake over the 135 kg N ha−1 preplant treatment but did not improve total N uptake in the first year at any site. Fertilizer‐N use efficiency (F15NUE) using the isotopic method was 2.8%–43.3% across all sites at the end of the first year with the majority partitioned to the grain. At the end of the second year, approximately 2.2% of the first‐year applied FDN was recovered in aboveground biomass. Fertilization ensures adequate N availability to the developing crop, but ultimately SDN contributed ≥61% of the total N uptake.

Distinguishing direct N2O emissions from 15N-labeled manure compost, urea, and maize roots in a field study

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural activities are a significant contributor to global anthropogenic N2O emissions. Sustainable agriculture practices, including using manure compost to replace nitrogen (N) fertilizers, can reduce chemical fertilizer use and minimize negative impacts on soil health and water quality. However, the direct contributions of manure compost to N2O emissions have not been fully studied. We conducted a field study to distinguish the direct contributions of manure compost, urea, and residual maize roots to N2O emissions in an integrated crop-livestock agricultural system in Shandong Province, China. Using the 15N-labeling technique, we found that the majority (93.3%) of cumulative N2O emissions originated from the soil and other unaccounted sources. Notably, manure compost contributed 1.3%, while current-year urea, residual urea with root exudates, and maize root accounted for 3.4%, 1.9%, and 0.03% of cumulative N2O, respectively. Our results also demonstrated that applying manure compost in combination with urea resulted in lower seed yield-scaled N2O emissions (0.046 g N2O-N kg−1 seed) compared to applying urea alone, even when the total N input was identical, suggesting the potential of manure compost in a more sustainable agriculture model. The low emission factor of manure compost (0.005%) compared to urea (0.019%) supports this potential, indicating the slow-release nature of manure may mitigate N2O while maintaining crop yield. Additionally, the overall low emissions may be attributed to the relatively high soil pH (8.17), which influences the denitrification product ratio, favoring the conversion of N2O to N2. Our study provides valuable insights into the factors contributing to N2O emissions in integrated crop-livestock farming systems, and highlights the importance of distinguishing multiple sources of N2O emissions to develop effective strategies for reducing emissions while promoting sustainable agriculture.

Status and Inheritance Rights of Daha Tua in Balinese Customary Inheritance Law: Study on Balinese Indigenous People in Banjar Dewa Village, Banjar Agung District, Tulang Bawang Regency

Old Daha is an adult woman biologically menstruating, until old age. It is said that Daha Tua if his status does not carry out marriage until the end of reproductive ability. So Old Daha was an adult woman until she died with the status of never married. The situation of Old Daha will be set aside by his family members because it is considered a mere burden, so the issue of Old Daha's inheritance rights arises and the distribution of Old Daha's inheritance rights to his heirs in Banjar Dewa Village, Banjar Agung District, Tulang Bawang Regency. This research is empirical normative legal research, with a descriptive type. The problem approach used is a juridical-sociological approach. The data used are secondary data and primary data. Data collection techniques with literature studies and field studies are interviews. Data analysis is used qualitative data analysis. The results showed that Daha Tua in Banjar Dewa Village was not an heir, however, along with the development of the era, parents assumed that Daha Tua was entitled to receive his parents' property while still paying attention to customary law as a guideline that applies in the Balinese customary inheritance system. The distribution of inheritance rights belonging to Daha Tua to his heirs in Banjar Dewa Village will be inherited to heirs who are related to Purusa by blood, such as his chosen brother or by adopting the nephew of his brother as a legitimate child. These efforts were made to get heirs and shelter in old age.

Acoustic logging array signal denoising using U-net and a case study in TangGu oil field

Abstract This study developed a noise-reduction method for acoustic logging array signals using a deep neural network algorithm in the time-frequency domain. Initially, we derived analytical solutions for the received waveforms when the acoustic logging tool was positioned either at the centre or eccentrically within the borehole. To simulate the received waveforms across various formations, we developed a real-axis integration algorithm. Subsequently, we devised a noise-reduction algorithm workflow based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and configured the structure and parameters of the U-net using TensorFlow. To address the scarcity of open datasets, we established both signal and noise datasets. The signal dataset was generated using theoretical simulation encompassing various model parameters, while the noise dataset was collected during tool testing and downhole operations. The trained model demonstrated substantial noise-reduction capabilities during validation. To validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, we applied noise reduction to actual data collected during downhole operations in the TangGu oilfield, yielding impressive results across different types of noisy data. Therefore, the U-net-based time-domain noise-reduction algorithm proposed in this paper holds the potential to significantly improve the quality of acoustic logging array signals.

Dichorisandra flesheri (Commelinaceae), a new delicate species from South Bahia, Brazil

We describe, discuss, and illustrate Dichorisandra flesheri, a new species endemic to the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia state, Brazil, based on field and herbarium studies. The species was assessed as ‘Endangered’, especially for its restricted distribution and differs strongly from other species of the genus by a set of characters that includes stem, leaves and inflorescence with a hairy indument, a pendulous inflorescence and flowers with six stamens, anthers slightly sagittate at base, yellowish, opening introrsely with longitudinal slits, but functionally poricidal. Discussion of relevant characters, comparisons with similar species, descriptions, distribution map of the species, information on conservation status and illustrations are provided.

Variations in Gender Perceptions of Summer Comfort and Adaptation in Colonial Revival-Style Homes

Past investigations have assessed gender variations in thermal comfort and adaptation in different buildings. However, no reported study has evaluated differences in gender perceptions of the thermal environment in US Colonial Revival-style homes. As a result, this study aims to provide an understanding of variations in gender perceptions of summer comfort and adaptation in the buildings. The study evaluated data collected during the field studies of thermal comfort (FSTC), including physical measurements of environmental variables and subjects’ votes. In this study, 67% females and 33% males participated in the field surveys in summertime. The mean neutral temperature of 25.5 °C and preferred temperature of 24.9 °C were noted for females. For males, the mean neutral and preferred temperatures of 25.8 °C and 25.6 °C were observed. Females feel neutral and prefer “no change” to the thermal environment at lower temperatures than males. A difference of 0.3 °C was noted between the average heat indices for females and males. Male respondents who feel warm perceive less air quality more than females. Females and males who perceive being thermally comfortable also perceive good air quality. Females and males who are thermally comfortable rated air humidity to be acceptable. There are similarities and differences between gender perceptions of the thermal environment. The investigation suggests interventions that can help users regulate their skin temperatures and use control measures that are sensitive to clothing insulation. The research also calls for policies that can promote building users’ pivotal adaptive measures to improve their indoor thermal environment. The study enhances our understanding of sustainable indoor environments and how to improve living conditions and adaptive modifications among different groups of occupants in buildings.

Developmental stage‐dependent effects of perceived predation risk on nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)

AbstractThe risk of predation directly affects the physiology, behavior, and fitness of wild birds. Strong social connections with conspecifics could help individuals recover from a stressful experience such as a predation event; however, competitive interactions also have the potential to exacerbate stress. Few studies have investigated the interaction between environmental stressors and the social landscape in wild bird populations. In 2 years of field studies, we experimentally simulated predation attempts on breeding female tree swallows (Tachicyneta bicolor). At the same time, we manipulated female breast plumage color, a key social signal. Simulated predation events on tree swallows early in the nestling period reduced young nestlings' mass by approximately 20% and shortened telomere lengths. Ultimately, only 31% of nestlings in the predation group fledged compared with 70% of control nestlings. However, the effects of experimental manipulations were timing dependent: the following year when we swapped the order of the experimental manipulations and simulated predation during incubation, there were no significant effects of predation on nestling condition or fledging success. Contrary to our expectations, manipulation of the social environment did not affect the response of tree swallows to simulated predation. However, manipulating female plumage during the nestling period did reduce nestling skeletal size and mass, although the effects depended on original plumage brightness. Our data demonstrate that transient stressors on female birds can have carry‐over effects on their nestlings if they occur during critical periods in the breeding season.

Ecology and social behavior of the midday gerbil Meriones meridianus: Insights from long-term research in the wild and seminatural environments

The present review provides a compilation of the published data on the ecology and social behavior of midday gerbils. Both field studies and observations under semi-natural conditions provide evidence that the midday gerbil is a nocturnal, primarily granivorous rodent that lives in highly seasonal habitats. A typical feature of the midday gerbils’ spatial organization is formation of multi-male–multi-female associations (breeding colonies) in which male home ranges overlap each other and with female ranges to a great extent, while females tend to occupy exclusive home ranges. The mating system of this species can be defined as polygynandry or promiscuity; males appear to compete for access to receptive females. The social structure in the midday gerbil is primarily based on aggressive interactions between conspecifics resulting in a dominance hierarchy among males and site-dependent dominance among females, especially during the breeding season. After the cessation of reproduction, a tendency towards more pronounced gregariousness appears, and midday gerbils form wintering groups; gerbils, however, lead solitary lives within these groups. Overall, the data presented expand our understanding of socio-ecology of gerbils.

Biochar boosted high oleic peanut production with enhanced root development and biological N fixation by diazotrophs in a sand-loamy Primisol

Peanut yield and quality face significant threats due to climate change and soil degradation. The potential of biochar technology to address this challenge remains unanswered, though biochar is acknowledged for its capacity to enhance the soil microbial community and plant nitrogen (N) supply. A field study was conducted in 2021 on oil peanuts grown in a sand-loamy Primisol that received organic amendments at 20 Mg ha−1. The treatments consisted of biochar amendments derived from poultry manure (PB), rice husk (RB), and maize residue (MB), as well as manure compost (OM) amendment, compared to no organic amendment (CK). In 2022, during the second year after amendment, samples of bulk topsoil, rooted soil, and plants were collected at the peanut harvest. The analysis included the assessment of soil quality, peanut growth traits, microbial community, nifH gene abundance, and biological N fixation (BNF) rate. Compared to the CK, the OM treatment led to an 8 % increase in peanut kernel yield, but had no effect on kernel quality in terms of oil production. Conversely, both PB and MB treatments increased kernel yield by 10 %, whereas RB treatment showed no change in yield. Moreover, all biochar amendments significantly improved oilseed quality by 10–25 %, notably increasing the proportion of oleic acid by up to 70 %. Similarly, while OM amendment slightly decreased root development, all biochar treatments significantly enhanced root development by over 80 %. Furthermore, nodule number, fresh weight per plant, and the nifH gene abundance in rooted soil remained unchanged under OM and PB treatments but was significantly enhanced under RB and MB treatments compared to CK. Notably, all biochar amendments, excluding OM, increased the BNF rate and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity. These changes were attributed to alterations in soil aggregation, moisture retention, and phosphorus availability, which were influenced by the diverse physical and chemical properties of biochars. Overall, maize residue biochar contributed synergistically to enhancing soil fertility, peanut yield, and quality while also promoting increased root development, a shift in the diazotrophic community and BNF.

EmoVis: exploring data-enabled analogue journaling to promote self-reflection for mental wellness among college students

ABSTRACT College students are known to face many stressors, making them one of the most vulnerable groups to mental disorders. To tackle such an issue, this paper presents a design study that investigated data-enabled analogue journaling (DEAJ) to help college students improve their mental wellness through paper-based self-reflection aided by automatic self-tracking. Specifically, based on several design iterations we developed a DEAJ tool, called EmoVis, which could generate a printed visualisation based on daily physiological data and event tags to support doodling or structured writing in analogue journaling for everyday stress management. We conducted a six-day mixed methods field study with 32 college students to evaluate the effectiveness and user experience of EmoVis. Results suggested that EmoVis can significantly improve the engagement and need for self-reflection due to context-based reflection and data-enabled exploratory journaling. Furthermore, the doodling canvas was experienced as a joyful tool for mindfulness and creative DEAJ, while reflecting with a writing template was perceived as efficient. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of DEAJ approaches for daily stress coping in students’ college life.

Overheating in the Tree Shade of Urban Parks: A Field Study of Thermal Adaption in China

With increased atmospheric temperature, temperatures in the shade of trees in parks also increase, and people are faced with high temperature challenges. In this study, thermal comfort in the shade of the trees of an urban park during summer in China was assessed. The subjective responses of the respondents were recorded via questionnaires, and environment parameters were measured. The results show that the air temperature in the shade was 31.1 ± 3.0 °C during the day, and that it peaked at 36.9 °C; the globe temperature was 31.3 ± 3.1 °C, and it peaked at 40.1 ℃. Respondents’ clothing insulation was 0.31 ± 0.08 clo, and the effect of clothing adjustment on thermal adaptation was limited. Thermal sensation is linearly related to standard effective temperature (SET), and the upper limit of 80% acceptable SET was 32.1 °C. At different temperature values, the proportion of expected airflow enhancement exceeded 50%. The respondents preferred a neutral-warm sensation. Moreover, there was an obvious thermal adaptation, with thermal history and psychological adaptation being the main factors affecting thermal comfort. This study confirmed the value of shade and provided us with guidance for park planning and design.

Retrievals of aerosol optical depth over the western North Atlantic Ocean during ACTIVATE

Abstract. Aerosol optical depth was retrieved from two airborne remote sensing instruments, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) and Second Generation High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2), during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE). The field campaign offers a unique opportunity to evaluate an extensive 3-year dataset under a wide range of meteorological conditions from two instruments on the same platform. However, a long-standing issue in atmospheric field studies is that there is a lack of reference datasets for properly validating field measurements and estimating their uncertainties. Here we address this issue by using the triple collocation method, in which a third collocated satellite dataset from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is introduced for comparison. HSRL-2 is found to provide a more accurate retrieval than RSP over the study region. The error standard deviation of HSRL-2 with respect to the ground truth is 0.027. Moreover, this approach enables us to develop a simple, yet efficient, quality control criterion for RSP data. The physical reasons for the differences in two retrievals are determined to be cloud contamination, aerosols near the surface, multiple aerosol layers, absorbing aerosols, non-spherical aerosols, and simplified retrieval assumptions. These results demonstrate the pathway for optimal aerosol retrievals by combining information from both lidars and polarimeters for future airborne and satellite missions.